Epitoniidae Berry, 1910 (1812)

Gyroscala commutata

(Monterosato, 1877)

Description:

Dimensions range from 8.99 mm - 45 mm high and 4.51 mm - 17.61 mm wide.
Width to height ratio: 0.5:1 ~ 0.39:1

Shell: moderately tall, elongate bulimoid to turriform, conical, pyramidal; solid, rather light, thin; small to medium. Exterior colour white or fawn, sometimes with obscure brownish spiral band. About 15 whorls, rounded, convex, connected, little loosely coiled, contiguous ; protoconch conical with ~3 whorls smooth; teleoconch with 9-12 whorls convex. Spire variable with angle of 30 - 50 degrees. Suture well defined and deep. Imperforate: umbilicus closed. Approximately 7 - 16 costae on the body whorl. Costae are thin, high, blade-like. There is a single varix on each whorl. The varix is larger than the rest. Costae aligned from whorl to whorl; may or may not be hooked at the shoulder; reflected; continuous over the suture. Intercostal spaces smooth. Base base rounded, marginated by a strong cord [DuShane, 1974:28]. Columella reflected. Aperture ovate, sub ovate to round, lip the margin narrow, somewhat patulous in front; peristome just complete; outer lip with normal rib externally, slightly reflected and somewhat thickened. Operculum corneous, dark brown, thin, corneous and paucispiral.

The spiral rib on the base of the body whorl is a defining feature of this species.

Distribution:

Eastern Atlantic. From the Atlantic coast of France (Finistère) southwards through the western Mediterranean, including Calahonda, Málaga, Spain [Clench & Turner, 1951; Gofas et al., 2011], along the West African coast to Liberia and the Gold Coast [Clench & Turner, 1951], extending to São Tomé [Tomlin & Shackleford, 1914] and Moçâmedes, Angola [Dautzenberg, 1912]; overall Mediterranean and tropical Atlantic to Angola [Kilburn, 1985]. Western Atlantic. From North Carolina and Bermuda, south through Florida and the Gulf of Mexico (circumtropical within the Gulf), through the West Indies to Tobago [Clench & Turner, 1951], and south to Brazil [Rosenberg et al., 2009]. Southern Africa. From Jeffreys Bay eastwards [Kilburn, 1985], including Port Elizabeth [Sowerby, 1892], Port Alfred [Bartsch; Turton], Tongaat (Natal), Jeffreys Bay and Still Bay [South African Museum records], with living specimens from Fish Hoek (False Bay) [Connolly, 1962] and Durban Bay [Barnard, 1963]. Indo-Pacific. From southern Africa eastwards, including the Seychelles [Melvill, 1909], Philippines, and Marshall Islands [Higo et al., 1999], extending north to Japan-the Kii Peninsula [Nakayama, 2003], south-western Hokkaid0

Habitat:

intertidal to 60 m (Clench & Turner 1951: 283)., intertidal to 10 m., on sessile anemones on rocks [Higo et al., 1999]

Etymology:

[latin] from commutare = to change; the original author did not provide an explicit derivation, but the name may allude to distinctive or variable shell features

Type Material:

Holotype: of Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929 Australian Museum C.050457 [as Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)] - Type Locality: Mallacoota, Victoria. []
Types. Delessert in 1841 figured Lamarck's type specimen of this species. It is now probably in the museum at Geneva, Switzerland where Delessert's collection was deposited. The original locality was unknown to Lamarck. We here select Corsica to be the type locality. This is one of the several localities cited by Kiener in 1839, based up- on the material contained in the Paris Museum. [as Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)]. [Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D., 1951]
Type: U.S.Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56056 [as Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917]. [Dall, W. H., 1917]
Type: U.S. Nat Mus. Cat. No. 56049 [as Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917]. [Dall, W. H., 1917]
Holotype: USNM 56049 [as Epitonium (Nitidiscala) basicum Dall, 1917] - Type Locality: Epitonium basicum: Gulf of California. []
not located for Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877) - Type Locality: Civitavecchia, Italy. []
Type not located [as Gyroscala hachijoensis Taki, 1957] - Type Locality: Hachijô Island, Japan, under stone at low tide. []
Type not located [as Scalaria monocycla [Lamarck] Kiener, 1838] - Type Locality: not given. []
Type not located [as Scalaria perplexa [Pease] Deshayes, 1863] - Type Locality: Réunion. []
Lectotype: selected by R.I. Johnson 1994: 20, MCZ 181978 illustrated in DuShane (1990: fig. 25) [as Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1867] - Type Locality: Hawaii. []
Type not located [as Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929] - Type Locality: New South Wales.. []
Type not located [as Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952] - Type Locality: Hawaii. []
Holotype: SM D.13299 [as Scala reevesbyi Cotton, 1939] - Type Locality: Reevesby Island, Australia. []
Type: Oxford University Museum of Natural History [OUM] [as Scalaria rietensis W.H. Turton, 1932] - Type Locality: Port Alfred, South Africa. []
Holotype: OUM [as Scalaria rufanensis W.H. Turton, 1932] - Type Locality: Port Alfred, South Africa. []
Type: MHNN [as Scala torquata Fenaux, 1943] - Type Locality: Paumotou. []
Type: USNM 56056 [as Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917] - Type Locality: San Diego, California. []
Syntypes: MHNG; Mermod & Binder (1963: fig. 226) figured a specimen from the Lamarckian collection, but did not designate it as a lectotype according to requirements of Art. 74.5 (ICZN 1999). [as Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)] - Type Locality: none given; Clench & Turner (1951: 282) restricted the type locality to Corsica, “one of several localities cited by Kiener in 1838, based upon the material contained in the Paris Museum.” Since the material in the Paris Museum was not in the Lamarckian Collection, the type locality cannot be based upon this material (ICZN 1999: Art. 76.1).. []
Syntypes: NHMUK 1870.10.26.102 [as Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864] - Type Locality: 'n sinu Saint-Vincent' [South Australia].. []
Type not located [as Scala filaris Mörch, 1875] - Type Locality: St. Martin. []
Type: BMNH 70.10.26.102 [as Epitonium consors (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)]. [Kaicher, S.D., 1981]
Holotype: Reg. No. D.13299, S.A. Museum [as Pomiscala reevesbyi (Cotton, 1939)] - Type Locality: The Sir Joseph Banks Islands. []
Type not listed in source data [as Gyroscala perplexa (Pease, 1868)] - Type Locality: Hawaii. []

SpeciesImage

Iredale, T. (1936). Fig. 24.

-

Distribution

as listed in source literature

Di Monterosato, T. A. (1876-1877).

Species Image

pp: 420.

Original description

Lamarck, [J.-B. M.] de. (1822).

Species Image

pp: 227.

translation of original description
Shell somewhat turreted, imperforate, pale tawny or reddish; with thin white lamellar denticulated ribs; whorls contiguous, smooth: the last with a keel at the base.
Habitat... My collection. It sometimes has dotted transverse lines on its last whorl.
Length, 15 to 14 lines.

Crosse, H. & Fischer, P. (1864).

Shown in text as Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864

Species Image

pp: 347.

Pease, W. H. (1868).

Shown in text as Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868 · unaccepted (junior subjective synonym)

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pp: 288.

Sowerby, G. B. II. (1873).

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Plate xii. Fig. 91.

Species Image

Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L (1875a).

Shown in text as Scala filaris Mörch, 1875

Species Image

pp: 265.

Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L (1875a).

Shown in text as Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)

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pp: 261-262.

Tryon, G.W. (1887).

Shown in text as Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864

Species Image

Plate 13. Fig. 11.

Species Image

pp: 74.

Tryon, G.W. (1887).

Shown in text as Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

Plate 15. Fig. 83.

Species Image

Plate 15. Fig. 84.

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pp: 74-75.

Clessin, S. (1897).

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Plate 8. Fig. 4.

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pp: 41-42.

Shell not perforated, turreted, slightly widened at the base, fairly thin, pale brown; with two more saturated white bands; whorls about 12, convex, separated by a deep suture, armed with thin, lamelliform, continuous ribs; interstices smooth; the last whorl at the base encircled by a white keel; aperture somewhat expanded.
Height: 30-40 mm.

Verco, J.C. (1906).

Shown in text as Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877)

Species Image

pp: 146-147.

Dall, W. H. (1917).

Shown in text as Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917

Species Image

pp: 485.

Dall, W. H. (1917).

Shown in text as Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917

Species Image

pp: 485.

Iredale, T. (1929).

Shown in text as Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929:

Species Image

pp: 344.

Iredale, T. (1936).

Shown in text as Pomiscala perplicata (Iredale, 1929)

Species Image

Fig. 24.

-

Species Image

pp: 303.

Cotton, B. C. (1939).

Shown in text as Pomiscala reevesbyi (Cotton, 1939)

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Plate VII. Fig. 1.

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Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D. (1951).

Shown in text as Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

pp: 284. Plate 129. Fig. 1-2.

Epitonium lamellosum Lamarck
1 Biscayne Bay, Florida (4.1x).
2 Port Salut, Dept. du Sud, Haiti (44x).

Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D. (1952b).

Shown in text as Epitonium filare (Mörch, 1875) ·

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pp: 355-356.

Barnard, K. H. (1963).

Shown in text as Scala coronata

Species Image

pp: 98.

Species Image

pp: 99.

Mermod, G, & Binder, E. (1963).

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pp: 161. Fig. 226.

Species Image

pp: 160.

Species Image

pp: 162.

DuShane, H. (1974).

Shown in text as Epitonium (Nitidiscala) basicum Dall, 1917

Species Image

pp: 46. Fig. 86.

DuShane, H. (1979b).

Shown in text as Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 misidentification of Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

pp: 130.

Rehder, H.A. (1980).

Shown in text as Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952

Species Image

pp: 143. Plate 7. Fig. 8.

USNM 756060

Rehder [1980:51] states that the Hawaiian species originally called Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868, but misapplied by Deshayes (1863) to Indian Ocean material, was given a manuscript name by Dall and subsequently published by Tinker as Epitonium (Gyroscala) pyramis Tinker, 1952, thereby validating the name under the ICZN. However, this treatment is not consistent with WoRMS (2026), which considers Gyroscala pyramis an unavailable and unaccepted name, placing it in synonymy under Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877).

Kaicher, S.D. (1981).

Shown in text as Epitonium consors (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)

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Card #: EP2-2305.

(BMNH Cype collection 70.10.26.102)

Card #: EP2-3038

Kaicher, S.D. (1983).

Species Image

Card #: EP3-3590.

Nakayama, T. (2003).

Shown in text as Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

pp: 113. Plate 5. Fig. 1-2.

figs 1-4:
Gyroscala (Pomiscala) lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)
height 22.3 mm; breadth 10.9 mm (NA);

Beechey, D. (2008).

Shown in text as Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

pp: Gyroscala lamellosa. Fig. 1.

Bradleys Head, Sydney Harbour (DLB5153, protoconch missing)

Species Image

pp: Gyroscala lamellosa. Fig. 3.

Holotype: of Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929. Mallacoota, Victoria (C.050457)

Synonymy:

Epitonium (Nitidiscala) basicum Dall, 1917 [in DuShane, H., 1974].
Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917 [in Dall, W. H., 1917].
Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917 [in Keen, A. M., 1958].
Epitonium consors (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864) [in Kaicher, S.D., 1981].
Epitonium filare (Mörch, 1875) [in Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D., 1952b].
Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) [in Beechey, D., 2008].
Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) [in Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D., 1951].
Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) [in Rosenberg, G., Moretzsohn, F. & García, E., 2009].
Epitonium perplexum (Pease, 1868) [in Wilson, B.R., 1993].
Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952 [in Rehder, H.A., 1980].
Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 [in Dall, W. H., 1917].
Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 misidentification of Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) [in DuShane, H., 1979b].
Gyroscala (Pomiscala) lamellosa (Lamarck 1822) [in Huang, C. W. & Lee, Y.C., 2016].
Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877) [in Verco, J.C., 1906].
Gyroscala hachijoensis Taki, 1957 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Gofras, S., Moreno, D., & Salas, C., 2011].
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Kilburn, R.N, 1985].
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Nakayama, T., 2003].
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Weil, A., Brown, L. & Neville, B., 1999].
Gyroscala perplexa (Pease, 1868) [in Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y., 1999].
Gyvosoala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in DuShane, H., 1985].
Limiscala virgo (Masahito & Habe 1976) [in Huang, C. W. & Lee, Y.C., 2016].
Pomiscala perplicata (Iredale, 1929) [in Iredale, T., 1936].
Pomiscala reevesbyi (Cotton, 1939) [in Cotton, B. C., 1939].
Scala coronata [in Barnard, K. H. , 1963].
Scala eburnea var. angusta Mörch, 1875 · [in Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L, 1875a].
Scala filaris (Mörch, 1875) [in Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L, 1875b].
Scala filaris Mörch, 1875 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scala filaris Mörch, 1875 [in Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L, 1875a].
Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L, 1875a].
Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L, 1875b].
Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [in Tryon, G.W., 1887].
Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929: [in Iredale, T., 1929].
Scala reevesbyi Cotton, 1939 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scala torquata Fenaux, 1943 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864 [in Crosse, H. & Fischer, P., 1864].
Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864 [in Tryon, G.W., 1887].
Scalaria monocycla [Lamarck] Kiener, 1838 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scalaria perplexa [Pease] Deshayes, 1863 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1867 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868 [in Clessin, S., 1897].
Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868 [in Melvill, J. C., 1909].
Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868 · unaccepted (junior subjective synonym) [in Pease, W. H., 1868].
Scalaria rietensis W.H. Turton, 1932 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Scalaria rufanensis W.H. Turton, 1932 [in Brown, L. & Neville, B.D., 2015].
Siliquaria lamellosa Lmk. [in Coomans, H.E., 1974].
Turbo pulcher Dillwyn, 1817 [in Dillwyn, L. W., 1817].

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