Epitoniidae Berry, 1910 (1812)

Gyroscala commutata

(Monterosato, 1877)

Description:

Dimensions range from 8.99 mm - 45 mm high and 4.51 mm - 17.61 mm wide.
Width to height ratio: 0.5:1 ~ 0.39:1

Shell: moderately tall, elongate bulimoid to turriform, conical, pyramidal; solid, rather light, thin; small to medium. Exterior colour white or fawn, sometimes with obscure brownish spiral band. About 15 whorls, rounded, convex, connected, little loosely coiled, contiguous ; protoconch conical with ~3 whorls smooth; teleoconch with 9-12 whorls convex. Spire variable with angle of 30 - 50 degrees. Suture well defined and deep. Imperforate: umbilicus closed. Approximately 7 - 16 costae on the body whorl. Costae are thin, high, blade-like. There is a single varix on each whorl. The varix is larger than the rest. Costae aligned from whorl to whorl; continuous over the suture; may or may not be hooked at the shoulder; reflected. Intercostal spaces smooth. Base base rounded, marginated by a strong cord [DuShane, 1974:28], however, Dall [1917: 485], in describing the synonym Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917, states the shell is 'without disk or cord'. The image of the holotype of E. zephyrium Dall, 1917 [USNM 56056, shown below] does indicate a weak spiral cord on the periphery of the base. Columella reflected. Aperture ovate, sub ovate to round, lip the margin narrow, somewhat patulous in front; peristome just complete; outer lip with normal rib externally, slightly reflected and somewhat thickened. Operculum corneous, dark brown, thin, corneous and paucispiral.

The spiral rib on the base of the body whorl is a defining feature of this species.

Distribution:

Eastern Atlantic. From the Atlantic coast of France (Finistère) southwards through the western Mediterranean, including Calahonda, Málaga, Spain [Clench & Turner, 1951; Gofas et al., 2011]; Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara, Mediterranean Sea Türkiye [Demir, 2003:111]; along the West African coast to Liberia and the Gold Coast [Clench & Turner, 1951], extending to São Tomé [Tomlin & Shackleford, 1914] and Moçâmedes, Angola [Dautzenberg, 1912]; overall Mediterranean and tropical Atlantic to Angola [Kilburn, 1985]. Western Atlantic. From North Carolina and Bermuda, south through Florida and the Gulf of Mexico (circumtropical within the Gulf), through the West Indies to Tobago [Clench & Turner, 1951], and south to Brazil [Rosenberg et al., 2009]. Southern Africa. From Jeffreys Bay eastwards [Kilburn, 1985], including Port Elizabeth [Sowerby, 1892], Port Alfred [Bartsch; Turton], Tongaat (Natal), Jeffreys Bay and Still Bay [South African Museum records], with living specimens from Fish Hoek (False Bay) [Connolly, 1962] and Durban Bay [Barnard, 1963]. Indo-Pacific. From southern Africa eastwards, including the Seychelles [Melvill, 1909], Reunion [Kay, 1979: 156], Philippines, and Marshall Islands [Higo et al., 1999], extending north to Japan-the Kii Peninsula [Nakayama, 2003], south-western Hokkaido (Pacific side) and Japan Sea localities [Higo et al., 1999]; Korean Peninsular [NIBR, 2019:328]; Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea [Allen et al., 2003:99], and south to Australia, from Rottnest Island, Western Australia, around northern Australia to Mallacoota, Victoria [Beechey, 2008], with records also from New South Wales [Verco, 1906]. South-west Pacific. New Zealand [Kilburn, 1985].; Eastern Pacific; Easter Island [Rehder, 1980:51]; California [Kilburn, 1985] south through the Gulf of California to Panama [Dall, 1917].

Habitat:

intertidal to 60 m (Clench & Turner 1951: 283)., intertidal to 10 m., on sessile anemones on rocks [Higo et al., 1999].

Etymology:

.

SpeciesImage

Iredale, T. (1936). Fig. 24.

-

Distribution

as listed in source literature

Type Material:

R.I. Johnson 1994 selected the specimen MCZ 181978 as the lectotype.

Kilburn [1972:406] proposed that Epitonium (Gyroscala) lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) was a cosmopolitan species, finding "no basis for separation of the Mediterranean-Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations". Rehder [1980:51], however, considered Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868 to be a distinct species from Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) with a more restricted geographical range. DuShane [1974:28] noted the similarity between Epitonium (Nitidiscala) basicum Dall, 1917 from the Gulf of California and Epitonium perplexum (Pease, 1867) from Hawaii. She subsequently regarded Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 as a misidentification of Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) [DuShane, 1979b:130]. DuShane [1983] further "relegated Nitidiscala basicum and Nitidiscala zephyrium, both Dall, 1917, to the synonymy of Scalaria lamellosum Lamarck, 1822, with a world wide distribution." Kilburn [1985:261] re-examined the material and literature, upholding his earlier conclusion, and interpreted DuShane's treatment as having "extended the range of G. lamellosa to California, regarding Epitonium basicum and E. zephyrium Dall, 1917, as further synonyms". Regardless of the species concept adopted, WoRMS [2026] regards the valid name as Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877), replacing the permanently invalid junior primary homonym Scalaria lamellosa Lamarck, 1822.

The following list brings together type material and other cited specimens as reported in the sources examined, grouped under the names and designations used in each source. The same specimen may appear in multiple entries drawn from different sources. Some entries concern other species included by authors for comparison; inclusion in this list does not imply synonymy.

Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877)Type not locatedCivitavecchia, Italy. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 55].
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) basicum Dall, 1917HolotypeUSNM 56049. Epitonium basicum: Gulf of California, Mexico. [DuShane, 1974: 28].
Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917HolotypeUSNM 56049. Gulf of California, Mexico. [Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2026: USNM 56049].TypeUSNM 56049. [Dall, 1917: 485].
Epitonium consors (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)TypeBMNH 70.10.26.102. [Kaicher, 1981: EP2-2305].
Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)HolotypeAMS C.050457. Mallacoota, Victoria, Australia. [Beechey, 2008k: photo].TypeMHNG. [Clench & Turner, 1951: 284].
Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952Type not locatedHawaii, USA. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 128].
Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917HolotypeUSNM 56056. San Diego, California, USA. Collected by: W.H. Dall. [Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2026: USNM 56056].TypeUSNM 56056. San Diego, California, USA. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 162].USNM 56056. [Dall, 1917: 485].
Gyroscala hachijoensis Taki, 1957Type not locatedHachijô Island, Japan. under stone at low tide. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 82].
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)SyntypeMHNG. no location given, Clench & Turner (1951: 282) restricted the type locality to Corsica; 'one of several localities cited by Kiener in 1838; based upon the material contained in the Paris Museum.' Since the material in the Paris Museum was not in the Lamarckian Collection; the type locality cannot be based upon this material (ICZN 1999: Art. 76.1). [Brown & Neville, 2015: 94].Type designation not provided in text/ source documentBourbon Island (= Reunion) (perplexa), Réunion. [Nakayama, 2003: 78].
Gyroscala perplexa (Pease, 1868)Type designation not provided in text/ source documentHawaii, USA. [Higo et al., 1999: 221].
Pomiscala reevesbyi (Cotton 1939)HolotypeSAMA Reg. No. D.13299. [Cotton, 1939: 172].
Scala filaris Mörch, 1875Type not locatedSt. Martin, [Brown & Neville, 2015: 72].
Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929HolotypeAMS C.50457. Victoria, Mallacoota, Australia. Lat: 37° 33' 23'S, Lon: 149° 45' 35'E. Collected by: Bell, Roy. . 1918 - 1919. [Australian Museum, 2026: C.50457].Type not locatedNew South Wales, Australia. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 121].
Scala reevesbyi Cotton, 1939HolotypeSM D.13299. Reevesby Island, Australia. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 130].
Scala torquata Fenaux, 1943TypeMHNN. Paumotou, [Brown & Neville, 2015: 151].
Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864SyntypeNHM 1870.10.26.102. 'in sinu Saint-Vincent' [South Australia], Australia. [4 specimens]. [Natural History Museum, 2014: NHM 1870.10.26.102].NHMUK 1870.10.26.102. in sinu Saint-Vincent' [South Australia], Australia. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 56].
Scalaria monocycla [Lamarck] Kiener, 1838Type not locatedLocation not given, [Brown & Neville, 2015: 108].
Scalaria perplexa [Pease] Deshayes, 1863Type not locatedRéunion. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 121].
Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1867LectotypeMCZ 181978. Hawaii, USA. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 121].MCZ 181978. Hawaii [Sandwhich Islands], USA. [Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 2018: MCZ 181978].
Scalaria rietensis W.H. Turton, 1932TypeOUM. Port Alfred, South Africa. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 132].Cited & FiguredOUM ZC-M002123. Port Alfred, South Africa. Tourton collection. [Oxford University Museum of Natural History, 2026: ZC-M002123].
Scalaria rufanensis W.H. Turton, 1932HolotypeOUM. Port Alfred, South Africa. [Brown & Neville, 2015: 133].

Di Monterosato, T. A. (1876-1877).

Species Image

pp: 420.

Original description

Lamarck, [J.-B. M.] de. (1822).

Species Image

pp: 227.

translation of original description
Shell somewhat turreted, imperforate, pale tawny or reddish; with thin white lamellar denticulated ribs; whorls contiguous, smooth: the last with a keel at the base.
Habitat... My collection. It sometimes has dotted transverse lines on its last whorl.
Length, 15 to 14 lines.

Kiener, L. C., & Fischer, P. (1838b).

Shown in text as Scalaria monocycla Kiener, 1838

Species Image

Plate III. Fig. 9.

Species Image

Plate III. Fig. 9.

Species Image

pp: 19.

17. Monocycle Wentletrap-Scalaria monocycla Lamarck
(Lamarck and Mass collections)
(Pl. III, fig. 9)
Shell somewhat turreted, imperforate, dirty whitish; ribs lamelliform, unequal, very crowded, ventricose; sutures excavated.
Shell rather small, conical, turreted, pointed at the apex, composed of seven moderately convex whorls deeply separated by a simple linear suture. The whorls bear 10-11 prominent longitudinal ribs, smooth as are the interspaces between them; two or three ribs on the last whorl are thick and broad. Near the base of the last whorl there is an elevated transverse stria. Aperture rounded, with thickened and reflected peristome. Colour clay-white.
Length 9 lines.
Habitat. Not stated.
This shell shows some resemblance to Scalaria lamellosa Scalaria lamellosa, but is less elongate and has less elevated ribs. It likewise possesses a transverse stria at the base of the last whorl.

Crosse, H. & Fischer, P. (1864).

Shown in text as Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864

Species Image

pp: 347.

Pease, W. H. (1868).

Shown in text as Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868 · unaccepted (junior subjective synonym)

Species Image

pp: 288.

Reeve, L.A. (1873).

Species Image

Plate xii. Fig. 91.

Species Image

Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L (1875a).

Shown in text as Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

pp: 261-262.

Mörch [Mørch], O. A. L (1875a).

Shown in text as Scala filaris Mörch, 1875

Species Image

pp: 265.

Tryon, G.W. (1887).

Shown in text as Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864

Species Image

Plate 13. Fig. 11.

Species Image

pp: 74.

Tryon, G.W. (1887).

Shown in text as Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

Plate 15. Fig. 83.

Species Image

Plate 15. Fig. 84.

Species Image

pp: 74-75.

Clessin, S. (1897).

Species Image

Plate 8. Fig. 4.

Species Image

pp: 41-42.

Shell not perforated, turreted, slightly widened at the base, fairly thin, pale brown; with two more saturated white bands; whorls about 12, convex, separated by a deep suture, armed with thin, lamelliform, continuous ribs; interstices smooth; the last whorl at the base encircled by a white keel; aperture somewhat expanded.
Height: 30-40 mm.

Verco, J.C. (1906).

Shown in text as Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877)

Species Image

pp: 146-147.

Dall, W. H. (1917).

Shown in text as Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917

Species Image

pp: 485.

Dall, W. H. (1917).

Shown in text as Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917

Species Image

pp: 485.

Iredale, T. (1929).

Shown in text as Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929

Species Image

pp: 344.

Iredale, T. (1936).

Shown in text as Pomiscala perplicata (Iredale, 1929)

Species Image

Fig. 24.

-

Species Image

pp: 303.

Cotton, B. C. (1939).

Shown in text as Pomiscala reevesbyi (Cotton, 1939)

Species Image

Plate VII. Fig. 1.

Species Image

Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D. (1951).

Shown in text as Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

pp: 284. Plate 129. Fig. 1-2.

Epitonium lamellosum Lamarck
1 Biscayne Bay, Florida (4.1x).
2 Port Salut, Dept. du Sud, Haiti (44x).

Clench, W. J. & Turner, R. D. (1952b).

Shown in text as Epitonium filare (Mörch, 1875)

Species Image

pp: 355-356.

Mermod, G, & Binder, E. (1963).

Species Image

pp: 161. Fig. 226.

Species Image

pp: 160.

Species Image

pp: 162.

Barnard, K. H. (1963).

Shown in text as Scala coronata

Species Image

pp: 98.

Species Image

pp: 99.

DuShane, H. (1974).

Shown in text as Epitonium (Nitidiscala) basicum Dall, 1917

Species Image

pp: 46. Fig. 86.

DuShane, H. (1979b).

Shown in text as Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 misidentification of Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822)

Species Image

pp: 130.

Rehder, H.A. (1980).

Shown in text as Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952

Species Image

pp: 143. Plate 7. Fig. 8.

USNM 756060

Rehder [1980:51] states that the Hawaiian species originally called Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868, but misapplied by Deshayes (1863) to Indian Ocean material, was given a manuscript name by Dall and subsequently published by Tinker as Epitonium (Gyroscala) pyramis Tinker, 1952, thereby validating the name under the ICZN. However, this treatment is not consistent with WoRMS (2026), which considers Gyroscala pyramis an unavailable and unaccepted name, placing it in synonymy under Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877).

DuShane, H. (1983).

Species Image

pp: 10.

Natural History Museum (2014).

Shown in text as Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864

Species Image

Fig. NHM 1870.10.26.102.

Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864
Syntypes [4]: NHM 1870.10.26.102
The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London
CC0

Murrell (2025).

Species Image

Natal, South Africa
10.5 x 8.6mm

Species Image

Natal, South Africa
10.5 x 8.6mm

Species Image

Natal, South Africa
10.5 x 8.6mm

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2026).

Shown in text as Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917

Species Image

Fig. USNM 56049.

Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917
Holotype: USNM 56049
Gulf of California, Mexico
Creator: Ellen Strong
CC0

Species Image

Fig. USNM 56049.

Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917
Holotype: USNM 56049
Gulf of California, Mexico
Creator: Angelica Isgro
CC0

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2026).

Shown in text as Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917

Species Image

Fig. USNM 56056.

Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917
Holotype: USNM 56056
San Diego, California, USA
Creator: Angelica Isgro
CC0

Synonymy:

Epitonium (Nitidiscala) basicum Dall, 1917 [DuShane, 1974: 28]
Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917 [Dall, 1917: 485; Keen, 1958: 273; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2026: USNM 56049]
Epitonium consors (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864) [Kaicher, 1981: EP2-2305]
Epitonium filare (Mörch, 1875) [Clench & Turner, 1952: 355]
Epitonium lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [NIBR National Institute of Biological Resources, 2019: 328]
Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) [Beechey, 2008k: photo; Clench & Turner, 1951: 284; Rosenberg et al., 2009: 641]
Epitonium perplexum (Pease, 1860) [Allen et al., 2003: 99]
Epitonium perplexum (Pease, 1868) [Wilson, 1993: 379]
Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 128; Rehder, 1980: 51]
Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 [Dall, 1917: 485; Brown & Neville, 2015: 162; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2026: USNM 56056]
Epitonium zephyrium Dall, 1917 misidentification of Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) [DuShane, 1979b: 130]
Gyroscala (Pomiscala) lamellosa (Lamarck 1822) [Huang & Lee, 2016: 19]
Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877) [Verco, 1906: 146]
Gyroscala hachijoensis Taki, 1957 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 82]
Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [Kilburn, 1985: 261; Nakayama, 2003: 78; Brown & Neville, 2015: 94; Weil et al., 1999: 24; Gofras et al., 2011: 217; DuShane, 1985: 69; Hernández-Otero & Garcia, 2003: 78; Segers et al., 2009: 7; Demir, 2003: 111; Manousis, 2021: 38]
Gyroscala perplexa (Pease, 1868) [Higo et al., 1999: 221]
Limiscala virgo (Masahito & Habe 1976) [Huang & Lee, 2016: 20]
Pomiscala perplicata (Iredale, 1929) [Iredale, 1936: 303]
Pomiscala reevesbyi (Cotton 1939) [Cotton, 1939: 172]
Scala coronata Lamarck, 1816 [Sowerby, 1844: 101; Barnard, 1963: 98; Mörch [Mørch], 1875b: 149]
Scala eburnea var. angusta Mörch, 1875 [Mörch [Mørch], 1875a: 260]
Scala filaris (Mörch, 1875) [Mörch [Mørch], 1875b: 152]
Scala filaris Mörch, 1875 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 72; Mörch [Mørch], 1875a: 265]
Scala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) [Mörch [Mørch], 1875a: 261; Tryon, 1887: 74; Mörch [Mørch], 1875b: 149]
Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 121; Iredale, 1929: 344; Australian Museum, 2026: C.50457]
Scala reevesbyi Cotton, 1939 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 130]
Scala torquata Fenaux, 1943 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 151]
Scalaria commutata Monterosato, 1877 [Watson, 1897: 313]
Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 56; Tryon, 1887: 74; Crosse & Fischer, 1864: 347; Smith, 1903: 616; Natural History Museum, 2014: NHM 1870.10.26.102]
Scalaria monocycla [Lamarck] Kiener, 1838 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 108]
Scalaria monocycla Kiener, 1838 [Kiener & Fischer, 1838b: 19]
Scalaria perplexa [Pease] Deshayes, 1863 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 121]
Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1867 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 121; Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 2018: MCZ 181978]
Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1868 [Pease, 1868: 288; Clessin, 1897: 5; Melvill, 1909: 84]
Scalaria rietensis W.H. Turton, 1932 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 132; Oxford University Museum of Natural History, 2026: ZC-M002123]
Scalaria rufanensis W.H. Turton, 1932 [Brown & Neville, 2015: 133]
Siliquaria lamellosa Lmk [Coomans, 1974: 169]
Turbo pulcher Dillwyn, 1817 [Dillwyn, 1817: 855]

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